This chapter describes the characteristics, including morphology, reproduction and fungicide resistance, of some plant pathogens (fungi, Oomycota, Plasmodiophora, biotrophs, necrotrophs, and hemibiotrophs), and discusses issues on their nomenclature. The role of effectors (such as the pathogen- or microbial-associated molecular patterns, biotrophic effectors or pathogen avirulence gene products, and necrotrophic effectors or host-specific toxins) in producing the disease phenotype is discussed.
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management, microorganisms, microbes, pollution control, toxic chemicals,
central and offshore ecology, environmentally sound and appropriate technology,
bio-degradation of wastes.
